TNF and tuberculosis: This might be closely related to the ability of effective anti-tuberculosis therapy to improve the host immune response, as (1) anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy rescues Th1 and CD8+ T effector levels in pulmonary tuberculosis patients [43] and (2) Silva et al. observed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells’ activation and increased Th1 cytokine production like IFN-γ and TNF-α are associated with a clinical cure of tuberculosis [44].