AKT1 and infection: However, the supplementation with SA did not elicit any effects on HO-1 and NQO-1 protein expression and had no effect on the levels of MDA and GSH; conversely, it significantly improved the phosphorylation of AMPK-α1, GSK-3β, and AKT in macrophages isolated from NRF2−/− mice, suggesting that SA effectively exerts its antioxidative effect during Mm infection by targeting the AMPK-α1, AKT, GSK-3β, and NRF2 signaling pathway.