TNF and major depressive disorder: For instance, L. rhamnosus GG palliates oral and gastrointestinal disorders, improves barrier dysfunction, reduces diarrheal episodes, treats hypertransaminasemia, reduces pancreatic cancer risk, reduces pathogenic Proteobacteria, exhibits beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling, and exerts healthful impacts on inflammatory biomarkers, anxiety, depression, etc. L. rhamnosus GG achieves this by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, hindering pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.