A recent study of children from two independent cohorts, the Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study (TCRS) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), found that elevated serum insulin levels in early childhood correspond with higher risks of developing asthma in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, regardless of BMI, although the processes explaining this phenomenon have not been fully explained [129]. Here, INS is linked to asthma.