Another study revealed that DSF/Cu upregulated PD-L1 expression in the murine HCC model through the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity, the enhancement of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation at Ser9, and the consequent inhibition of T cell infiltration [117]. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.