Utsumi et al. reported the effects on endothelial dysfunction in eight hemodialysis patients with PAD who underwent 10 weekly sessions of LDL apheresis with a dextran sulfate adsorber; after treatment, P-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were significantly reduced along with IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-α [45]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.