Specifically, activating the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway exacerbates sarcopenia while activating the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling system, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway, and the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF)-related signalling pathway alleviates it [36]. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is sarcopenia.