AKT1 and ischemia: The signaling pathways mediated by exosomes that are conducive to the healing of ischemia reperfusion injury mainly include PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Nrf2, PTEN, Wnt, MAPK, toll-like receptor, and AMPK, etc. Examples of exosomes from different sources and their roles, mechanisms, and signaling pathways associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury repair are presented in Table 1.