Pre-pregnancy BMI-associated CpGs (cg00992687 and cg09452568 of the endothelial cell-specific molecule-ESM1 and cg14328641 of the membrane spanning 4-domains A3-MS4A3) were validated, while cg09109411 (phosphodiesterase 6A-PDE6A) was linked with maternal GDM status (Figure 3) [85]. Here, MS4A3 is linked to gestational diabetes.