TNF and neoplasm: Additionally, we analyzed upregulated secretory protein-coding genes in different tumor types, finding that a variety of secretory mediators highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment were enriched in the pathways closely associated with muscle wasting reported previously, including extracellular matrix–receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, PI3K-Akt signaling; TNF signaling; and NK-kappa B signaling.