Bone marrow-derived MDSCs induced by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) after the stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) display a protective effect against a lethal dose of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver failure by reducing liver infiltration of elastase-expressing neutrophils and inducing apoptosis of activated neutrophils [47]. Here, TNF is linked to liver failure.