A chronic autoinflammatory state characterised by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and other nuclear factor kB (NF-kB)-related cytokines, have been observed in the CNS of individuals with ALS and animal models of ALS [173,174,175]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.