Pro-inflammatory molecules, including thrombin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2), interleukin 8 (IL-8), E-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis [15,16,17,18]. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.