TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Of note, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus treated with anti-inflammatory medications targeting TNF-α show a lower risk of developing AD [7,8,9], and the TNF-α inhibitors infliximab and etanercept significantly reduce cognitive deficits in patients with AD upon intrathecal and perispinal administration, respectively [7,9,13].