In our estrogen-induced bacterial vaginosis model, substantial expression of vaginal IL-17 mRNA was detected, suggesting the induction of adaptive immunity by G. vaginalis. CCFM1339 intervention effectively reduced the expression of both IL-17 and Foxp3 genes, thereby diminishing inflammatory cell infiltration, aligning with previous findings from probiotic intervention studies [39]. Here, FOXP3 is linked to bacterial vaginosis.