ERN1 and acute pancreatitis: From the evidence of an in vitro study, TMAO was shown to induce apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells, which is the hallmark of hyperlipidemia-caused early-stage acute pancreatitis, by activating oxidative stress and regulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 pathway [31].