TNF and cancer: In vitro studies demonstrated that these compounds induce a significant increase of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression and downregulate M2-like genes like IL-10, Ym-1, CD206 and Arg-1 in several models of cancer (e.g., breast cancer, colon cancer, MM) [187,188,189,190,207].