INS and Insulin resistance: Physiologically, insulin resistance (IR) is defined “as a state of reduced responsiveness in insulin-targeting tissues to physiological levels of insulin” [3]; “a state of a cell, tissue, or organism in which a greater than normal amount of insulin is required to elicit a quantitatively normal response” [79]; or “an inability of some types of tissues to respond to normal insulin levels, and thus, higher than normal levels of insulin are required to maintain the normal functions of insulin” [3].