TGFB1 and Hepatic fibrosis: While acetaldehyde has been recognized for its fibrogenic role in upregulating the transcription of collagen I directly and indirectly inducing the synthesis of TGF-β1 in alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis [23], our previous study demonstrated that ALDH2*2 KI mice subjected to chronic alcohol intoxication exhibited a higher degree of 4-HNE accumulation, increased TGF-β1 expression, and enhanced collagen deposition in their atria compared to wild-type mice [22].