In various cancer types, HIF-1α has been implicated in drug resistance mechanisms, promoting tumor growth, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy, including HIF-1α enhancement in gastric cancer, cisplatin resistance via autophagy enhancement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer, and sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via the upregulation of HIF-2α [32]. Here, EPAS1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.