In our recent work, we found that mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), a protein that mediates antiviral innate immunity, has been shown to associate with plasma EVs, which can activate IFNβ production from pDCs, which is one possible way by which EVs are involved in DM pathogenesis through the induction of type 1 IFN [31]. Here, MAVS is linked to dermatomyositis.