AKT1 and malignant colon neoplasm: To explain the effects of exercise on oxidative stress, metabolism, and proliferation in colon tissues, future studies should aim to assess the differences in key signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, which are known to play critical roles in colon cancer progression, and the use of advanced metabolomic techniques to analyze colon tissues from exercised and sedentary rats could unveil alterations in metabolic pathways due to exercise.