VIP and depressive symptom measurement: Similar effects on firing rates across conditions were seen with the SST, PV, and VIP interneuron populations (increased rates in depression vs healthy, Cohen’s d: SST = 6.7, PV = 12.7, VIP = 10.5; recovery by α5-PAM vs healthy, Cohen’s d: SST = −1.4, PV = 1.8, VIP = 4.0; Fig. 2d).