For some cancers, e.g., pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer, it has been suggested that patients can be grouped into several subtypes with distinct prognosis based on their TME composition, including differences in the presence of certain immune and stromal cell types (e.g., fibroblasts, neutrophils and CD8 + T-cells) and in certain cancer cell signaling pathways (e.g., NOTCH1 signaling)17,18. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is cancer.