LIF and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: For example, FOS plays a role in chronic hepatitis B infection [26]; JUN is related to human T-lymphotropic virus [27], and LIF plays a role in Escherichia coli pneumonia [28]; SLPI acts as an antimicrobial protein and inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation [29] and is associated with Helicobacter pylori-mediated disease [30].