TNF and diabetes mellitus: Further research[21] using high-energy sequencing and preliminary in vitro experiments identified miR-149-5p and TNF-α as a differentially expressed mRNA/miRNA pair in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with vascular injury.[22] This study showed that miR-149-5p directly targets TNF-α, and increasing miR-149-5p levels can alleviate high glucose-induced dysfunction in endothelial cells.[23] This improvement involved a decrease in ET-1, VWF, and ICAM-1 levels, increased NO production, and enhanced eNOS expression.