GLS and hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoresistant HCC cells were found to exhibit a CSC phenotype with altered metabolism in a metabolically quiescent state with glucose independence and relied on glutamine metabolism compared to chemo-sensitive HCC cells.97 Similarly, glutamine metabolism has been confirmed to play an important role in liver CSC maintenance, and that targeting glutamine metabolism or glutaminase 1 (GLS1) could suppress CSC traits in HCC.98 These studies indicated that the survival and self-renewal of liver CSCs depended on glutamine.