It has been previously reported that MRSA 1369 infection exacerbates catheterization-induced localized inflammation at 24 hpi [12]; the bladder and the kidneys from the WT mice infected without a catheter implant with MRSA strain SA116 also showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα at 24 hpi [37]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.