The results of recent research are consistent with the above possibilities: the addition of human preformed SYN fibrils to mouse OLGs triggered an increase in endogenous SYN, which was critical for its aggregation with TPPP [14]; in agreement with this, in rat OLN-AS7 and human MO3.13 OLG models of MSA, TPPP transfection significantly increased the levels of both SYN mRNA and SYN protein [42]. This evidence concerns the gene TPPP and multiple system atrophy.