VIP and eosinophilic esophagitis: A merged photomicrograph showing anti-MBP and anti-VIP stained with DAPI-mounted tissue sections of epithelial mucosa showed the accumulation of eosinophils nearby nerve cells (Figure 4a–d); anti-VIP expressed in anti-PGP9.6-expressing nerve cells in DAPI-mounted tissue sections identified VIP-expressing nerve cells (Figure 4e–g), and anti-tryptase and anti-VIP staining with DAPI showed the accumulated mast cells nearby VIP-expressing nerve cells in the epithelial mucosa of human esophageal EoE biopsies (Figure 4h–j).