Since VIP is the product of endocrine cells [52,53,54], we tested the hypothesis that VIP is expressed by nerve cells in the esophagus of human EoE, and that nerve cells derived from VIP may have an important role in eosinophil accumulation in and beyond the epithelial mucosa in human EoE, apart from eotaxin-3. The gene discussed is VIP; the disease is eosinophilic esophagitis.