We also found several eosinophils present in the esophageal mucosa away from nerve cell-derived VIP, indicating that both VIP and eotaxin-3 are important for eosinophil accumulation in EoE, and motility dysfunction occurs in response to the VIP-induced accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells. This evidence concerns the gene VIP and eosinophilic esophagitis.