Using a rabbit polyclonal anti-human HLA-F antibody (14670-1-AP) obtained from a commercial source (Proteintec Group, Chicago, IL, USA), a group of investigators immunostained cancer tissues in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer [18], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [19], gastric cancer [20,21], hepatocellular carcinoma [22], and breast cancer [23]. Here, HLA-F is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.