NFKB1 and lung carcinoma: Moreover, 18β-GA decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), and NF-κB p65, where the phosphorylation of PI3K and STAT3 decreased as early as 2 h after 18β-GA treatment.58 Luo et al. found that 18β-GA-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibited migration via the ROS/MAPK/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways in A549 lung cancer cells.