LCN2 and diabetic kidney disease: Various studies have identified associations of DKD with markers of renal tubule injury such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and N-acetyl-β-D-glocosaminidase (NAG), inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as markers of oxidative stress like 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (5).