TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A similar increase in levels of TNF-α has been described in plasma, serum, CSF, and CNS tissue of people with ALS; evidence also links this increase to disease progression (Babu et al., 2008; Fukazawa et al., 2013; Brambilla et al., 2016; Brohawn et al., 2016; Guidotti et al., 2021).