Compared to what is observed with standard chemotherapy, two randomized, controlled trials have provided robust evidence of an impressive improvement of survival rate with Nivolumab in advanced NSCLC.3,4 This led to the first regulatory approval for the first-line treatment of metastatic NSCLC by an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) that is targeting the interaction with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.