And overexpression of hGALNT12-WT in DU145 and PC-3 cells obviously accelerated the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 (Fig. 5F), when overexpressing hGALNT12-MUT in PCa cells, the phosphorylation level of Smad1/5/9 had no change (Fig. 5G). Here, SMAD1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.