Moreover, mutations in MSX1, a downstream target of BMP signaling, have also been associated with OFC, further implicating this pathway in the etiology of OFC (Lidral et al., 1998; Jezewski et al., 2003; Suazo et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 2004). Here, MSX1 is linked to otofaciocervical syndrome 1.