Interestingly, in α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative hepatocellular carcinoma, the concentrations of PC (22:6/18:2) and PC (18:2/18:2) were increased while the concentrations of PC (16:0/16:0) were decreased, which indicated that serological alterations in PCs would help us to identify patients with hepatocellular carcinoma missed by AFP at an early stage (64). This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.