AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: The model exhibited a remarkable accuracy in discriminating HCC individuals from patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (Figures 3F–H), with an AUC of 0.846 (95% CI: 0.805–0.888), surpassing the performance of traditional biomarkers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AUC, 0.65; specificity, 51.4%; sensitivity, 73.3%) (Yamamoto et al., 2020).