In addition to immune suppression mediated by binding PD-L1 to T cell surface-exposed PD-1, it was reported that PD-L1 could be actively transported into the nucleus of tumor cells, where it could affect cell division and genomic instability by affecting sister chromatin cohesion and immune evasion by affecting transcription of many immune genes, MHC presentation, and pyroptosis as detailed in review by Xiong et al. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.