CCND1 and colorectal cancer: The PI3K/AKT pathway plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, influencing autophagy, apoptosis, and EMT-mediated cancer cell migration and invasion, accompanied by regulation of CCND1, mTOR, FOXO, HIF-1α, CASP, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression (Wei et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023).