HMGA1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: To further demonstrate the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of DDP in primary ESCC upon HMGA1 depletion, we utilized genetically engineered mice with systemic epithelial cell-specific HMGA1 knockout to establish an in vivo model of primary ESCC through 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) induction (Fig. 8A).