TNF and Parkinson disease: In summary, we documented that PD patient-derived αSYN fibrils hold robust inflammatory properties on microglial cells and that when combined with TNFα and PGE2, this disease-associated αSYN polymorph polarizes microglia into a specific “chronic-type” inflammatory activation state and phenotype featuring both M1- and M2-related traits and exhibiting overwhelming neurotoxic activities.