Notably, TP53 and RB1 emerged as the most recurrently mutated driver genes in the SCLC combined with the LCC/LCNEC (cSCLC-LCC/LCNEC) cohort, underscoring their pivotal roles in SCLC (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts.