TXN and cancer: The level of thiol‐based antioxidants GSH, Trx, and Prx is also upregulated to scavenge the excessive ROS.[9, 33] In addition, the appropriate levels of ROS in the short‐to‐medium time span will trigger the upregulation of antioxidant transcription factors, such as HIF‐1α or Nrf‐2, to support cancer cell proliferation by genetic reprogramming[33, 34] (Figure 1).