For example, CXCL13, a highlighted potential diagnostic marker, is also elevated in Lyme neuroborreliosis, multiple sclerosis, and other inflammatory CNS disorders, thus complicating its diagnostic utility for NS.[30, 32, 34, 35] Similarly, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, which are involved in the immune response, can be upregulated in a variety of infectious and autoimmune diseases, detracting from their specificity. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and autoimmune disease.