A large cohort of 1337452 U.S. veterans, with a mean follow-up of 4.93 years, found that higher levels of BUN were associated with an increased risk of developing DM in non-DM populations (28), and higher BUN levels were associated with an increased risk of insulin use in patients with diabetes (29); Another cross-sectional study of 3227 women and 610 patients with T2DM also showed a positive association with T2DM. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.