TNF and delirium: The results showed that TNF (β = 0.103, p = 0.049) and pathway molecules including TNF receptor superfamily member 9 (CD137 or 4-1BB, β = 0.197, p = 0.003), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligands (β = 0.111, p = 0.02) and levels of TNF-related activation-induced cytokines (β = 0.134, p = 0.016) were positively and causally associated with delirium risk (Figure 6B).