KEGG analysis revealed that various M1 macrophage-related genes were mainly associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, antigen processing and presentation, African trypanosomiasis, nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer (Figure 3B). Here, TNF is linked to human African trypanosomiasis.