On the other hand, DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis were highest at the peak of BMAL1 expression in mouse MES-GBM cells (astrocytes with mutations in NF1 (Neurofibromin 1) and TP53 serving as a model for the mesenchymal-like GBM subtype) when treated with TMZ48. Here, NF1 is linked to glioblastoma.